# Output Redirection and Piping

### Output Redirection <a href="#firstheading" id="firstheading"></a>

* Most processes initiated by UNIX commands take their input from the standard input (i.e. the keyboard) and write their output to the standard output (i.e. the terminal screen).
* The "<" sign can be used to redirect the input, that is to specify that the input comes from something other than the keyboard.
* The ">" sign can be used to redirect the output, that is to specify that the output goes to something other than the terminal screen.
* The ">>" sign can be used to append the output to something other than the terminal screen.

```
# list the current files and redirect the output to a file named "mylist.txt"
ls > mylist.txt
# view content of mylist.txt
cat mylist.txt
```

```
# redirect the input to a command 
cat < mylist.txt
```

```
# redirect the output and append 
cat mylist.txt > list1.txt
cat mylist.txt >> list2.txt
# view content 
cat list2.txt
```

### Piping

* A pipe is denoted by "|".
* Several pipes can be used in the same command line to create a "pipeline".
* A pipe takes the output of a command and immediately sends it as input to another command.
* A pipe is often used in conjunction with the command "less" to view the output within the pager.

```
#view users connected
who
#count the number of users connected
who | wc -l
```

```
#display the content of bin
ls -la /usr/local/bin
#display the content of bin within the pager provided by "less"
ls -la /usr/local/bin | less
```