The Unix Tree
The UNIX file system consists of files and directories organized in a hierarchical structure. When visualized, this hierarchical structure looks like a tree, with roots and many branches.
tree -L 1 /
command, showing the Unix filesystem tree:
Every file or directory in a UNIX operating system is somewhere on this "tree." /
is referred to as "root," because it's the root of the tree which every other file or directory is inside.
For example, every UNIX user's home directory is in home
, which is in /
. In other words, every user's home directory is in /home
.
Unix has some shortcuts for referring to directories.
.
stands for "my current directory."..
stands for "my parent directory," a.k.a. the directory one branch higher in the tree~
stands for "my home directory."
Example of Unix directory shortcuts:
The organization of the filesystem is not set in stone. However, there is a standard that many UNIX operating systems follow called the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS). The FHS defines a standard filesystem layout for greater uniformity and easier documentation across UNIX-like operating systems.
Some of what the FHS dictates includes:
/
must have everything to boot, restore, recover, or repair a system./etc
holds configuration files for the system and programs present on the system. For example, if I install the SSH server, I can reasonably expect configuration files for it to be found at/etc/ssh/
/home
are user's home directories/tmp
holds temporary files that can be deleted on reboot/bin
holds essential programs that are needed for system recovery/usr/bin
holds non-essential programs
Thanks to the FHS, you can expect most UNIX-like operating systems to look like this.
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